What does the word "surfeit" refer to?

The word "surfeit" refers to an excessive amount of something, typically related to overindulgence, especially in the context of food or drink. When someone experiences a surfeit, they have consumed more than is necessary or reasonable, leading to a sense of being overwhelmed or entire satiation. This connotation of excess is encapsulated in the choice referring to overindulgence, making it the most accurate definition among the options provided.

The other choices describe concepts that are fundamentally opposite to "surfeit." For example, scarcity implies a lack of resources, moderation indicates a balanced approach, and need refers to a requirement for something. All these terms therefore represent a deficiency or a balanced state, in stark contrast to the idea of excess that "surfeit" conveys.