What is the primary definition of a "monarch"?

The primary definition of "monarch" is that of a ruler, specifically a king or queen. This term denotes individuals who hold the highest position of authority in a monarchy, a type of governance where a single person reigns over a nation or territory, often inheriting their position through a royal lineage. Monarchs typically carry a range of responsibilities, including governance, legislation, and sometimes symbolic representation of their nation.

In this context, while the other choices provide related concepts, they do not capture the principal meaning of "monarch." A universal leader without a kingdom lacks the specific tie to a monarchy. A ceremonial figurehead suggests a monarch who performs symbolic duties but does not actively govern, which does not reflect the full breadth of the role's authority. A military commander refers to a position focused on military leadership, which does not encompass the broader responsibilities associated with ruling a state as a monarch does. Hence, the choice defining a monarch as a ruler—specifically a king or queen—accurately reflects its fundamental meaning.