Which concept is characterized by a belief that all human action is motivated by selfishness?

Cynicism is characterized by the belief that all human actions are motivated by selfishness. This philosophical stance often involves a skepticism or distrust of the motives behind people's choices and behaviors, suggesting that individuals primarily act out of self-interest, even when they appear to be acting altruistically or for the benefit of others.

In contrast, idealism promotes the belief that individuals should strive for high moral standards and ideals, altruism advocates for selfless concern for the well-being of others, and optimism conveys a hopeful outlook on outcomes and human nature, contrasting sharply with the cynic's focus on self-interest. By understanding cynicism in this context, it becomes clear why it aligns with the belief that all actions are driven by selfish motives.