Which of the following best describes "excess"?

The term "excess" fundamentally refers to an amount that goes beyond what is considered necessary, typical, or reasonable. In this context, the description of an "overabundance beyond necessity" aligns perfectly with the meaning of excess. It captures the idea that there is more than what is needed, which can lead to issues such as waste or imbalance.

Understanding excess in this way can be particularly useful in various contexts, such as discussing consumption patterns, resource management, or evaluating behaviors that lead to overindulgence. The other options convey different levels of quantity or balance that are either minimal, standard, or moderate, which do not reflect the core idea of overabundance implied by "excess."