Which word represents a belief in fundamental selfishness of human actions?

The word that represents a belief in the fundamental selfishness of human actions is cynicism. This term is rooted in the philosophical tradition that suggests people are primarily motivated by self-interest, often questioning the sincerity and altruism behind people's motives. Those who identify as cynical may view social and moral institutions with skepticism, believing that they often serve the interests of a select few rather than the common good. This perspective emphasizes a critical and often negative view of human behavior, contrasting significantly with more hopeful or positive outlooks dominated by beliefs in kindness or noble intentions.

In contrast, optimism conveys a general belief in positive outcomes and human goodness, while idealism focuses on striving for higher ideals and values. Realism, on the other hand, tends to focus more on accepting the world as it is, rather than as one might wish it to be, without necessarily undermining the motives behind actions.